New Atlanticism and Military Keynesianism
are rarely addressed topics when European economic policymaking is debated;
but there is indeed a great need to question developments in the European
Union from these two angles.
Let me start with a brief comment on the meaning of the term new Atlanticism,
and on the size of the phenomenon. The new Atlanticism refers
to capital concentration joining American and European armament corporations,
both in the form of mergers and in the form of joint ventures. While almost
non-existent ten years back, this type of capital concentration over the
last decade has rapidly grown in size. On the one hand, the five American
corporations which dominate the US military sector have taken over or
allied with one or several European armament producers. On the other hand,
all four European armament corporations which dominate Europe’s military
sector have opted to forge close links with US corporations.
The following examples help to underline the point. BAE systems, formed
through a merger between leading British military corporations in 1999,
has staged at least 13 take-overs in the United States, including the
take-over of United Defense Industries. Again, the corporation MBDA too
illustrates the new Atlanticism. MBDA was constituted in 2003
via a merger between three leading manufacturers of missiles in Europe.
It is owned jointly by BAE Systems, EADS and Finmeccanica. While this
shows MBDA epitomizes the process of internal integration in Europe’s
military sector, the same corporation also participates enthusiastically
in the new Atlanticism, via teaming agreements with Boeing.
One way of interpreting the emergence of the new Atlanticism
is to relate it to the new role assigned by the Western powers to NATO.
NATO’s drive to implement ‘security’ functions beyond the borders of Europe
is supported by close cooperation between US and European armament corporations,
which facilitates implementation of NATO procurement schemes. However,
this is not the only, or even the main motive behind the emergence of
the new Atlanticism. Evidence contained in US policy documents
(e.g. the AICRs) indicates that the formation of alliances between armament
corporations across the Atlantic is the outcome of a conscious decision
taken by the US government under the Democratic Presidency of Clinton
(1998). There are strong reasons to interpret the move as part of military
Keynesian policymaking.
Here, we need to briefly reflect on the historical evolution in military
Keynesianism, as applied in the US. In the later part of the 1980s, the
then Republican Administration concluded that primary reliance on military
Keynesianism had to be abandoned. No longer could allocations towards
the military in the US be used as principal means for macro-economic stimulation.
In consequence, government policymaking during the business cycle of the
1990s was structured differently. On the one hand, the market sector,
where information technology is manufactured, was left to play the role
of driving force of the business cycle. On the other hand, government
expenditures towards the US military were scaled down. The internal restructuring
in the US military sector referred to was a consequence of the fact that
the Clinton Administration chose to apply a secondary form of military
Keynesianism.
The construction of a new Atlanticism which has occurred in the
beginning of the new millennium is related to US policies towards the
next business cycle. It was part of a new consensus reached in the US,
that the American government would restore the primacy of military-related
procurement. Under the pressure of lobbying groups representing the interests
of the US Military Industrial Complex (M.I.C.), the Clinton government
in 1998/1999 reversed the trend with regard to the military budget. Instead
of implementing annual cuts, the government henceforth opted for annual
increases in budgetary allocations. These have since resulted in a situation
where military-related expenditures represent more than 8 per cent of
the US GNP (2008/2009). And to reduce the risks of a renewed periodic
crisis, the US government designed its strategy of new Atlanticism,
expected to result in additional arms exports to European countries.
The above discourse may sound like a diversion. Yet the new Atlanticism
has major implications for European economic policymaking. The EU has
seen a creeping process of militarization since the decision taken when
the Amsterdam Treaty was signed (1997), i.e. to integrate the Western
European Union (WEU) military alliance into the EU. Since then, efforts
have been underway to centralize ‘defence’-research at the European level,
to build an integrated European market for the procurement of arms, to
militarize Europe’s space policy, and to initiate the building of a European
army. All these developments are contrary to the vision which originally
formed the basis of Europe’s integration.
Moreover, the danger that the character of the European Union will be
transformed is all the larger in view of the new Atlanticism—the
intense cooperation between American and European armament corporations
shaped alongside Europe’s militarization. European policymakers have legitimized
their formulation of a military research agenda with the argument that
without enhanced competition in the technological field, Europe threatens
to become dependent on the US. Yet the cross-continental alliances between
armament corporations imply the very opposite, i.e. dependence of European
armament corporations on American corporations which are the largest in
size! Most ominously, the existence of these alliances results in added
pressure on state policymakers in Europe to purchase expensive weapons
systems.
The issues posed here need to be integrated into the work of the Euro-Memorandum
Group—a grouping of economists which critically follows policymaking by
the EU. This platform rightly seeks to contribute towards a drastic re-orientation
in policymaking by the European Union, away from the disastrous neo-liberalism
that still prevails—towards policies that better help sustain the welfare
of Europe’s citizens. A social and ecologically-oriented Europe needs
to reject the new Atlanticism and all forms of military Keynesianism.
* The author is Member, Euro-Memorandum Group,
Leiden, the Netherlands. This is a grouping of economists which critically
follows policymaking by the EU. The article is the modified version of
a Statement to be made by the author to the International Workshop of
the Euro-Memorandum Group, September 25, 2009.