When history repeats itself, the first time is a tragedy; the next is a farce.…
The World Bank and the IMF in Africa: Strategy and routine in the generation of a failed agenda Howard Stein
This paper argues that more than any other region, Africa has been forced to feel the full effect of neo-liberalism due to its increasing dependence on bilateral and multilateral aid and paucity of alternative sources of capital. Meanwhile, the vision of development choreographed by the World Bank and the Fund continues to be captured by the same core principles and policies which have failed Africa in the last two decades.
imf_africa (Download the full text in PDF format)